Thursday, April 26, 2012

The Market - Conclusion

     Currently, the major markets for any goods, foreign or domestic, are located in the more urban cities. These cities tend to be those that are densely populated, and in Egypt's case, near ports. Because most of the people of Egypt live along the Nile, businesses in Egypt have come to that area, set up shop, and have thrived in that setting.
     In these regions, the transportation appears to be top-notch. From airlines, to railways, there are incredible number of transportation options, all of which seem to be effective modes and all are readily available. With millions of land lines and cellular phones, communications between individuals is quick and easy. Internet is also an efficient method of communication with a large part of the population having internet access.
     As the middle class continues to prosper, buying patterns and habits are going to turn in favor of the business. Right now, it seems that Egyptian middle and upper class are buying things at the top of their budget, because they can. Anything value-added, internationally branded, or made of quality material is appealing to these people. 
     Retail outlets are on the rise in Egypt and account for quite a bit of the selling profits. There are also malls and strip malls throughout the urban areas that cater to any kind of preference known to man. There are American retailers scattered throughout the region and American franchises are also seeing impeccable profits. 
     With so many citizens have access to the internet, it seems that interactive marketing could be the most efficient method of advertising. When using interactive marketing, the costs are typically leaps and bounds below that of television or radio, and the market reached could potentially be exponentially higher. It is much, much easier for people to "share" an advertisement that they saw online that to try to describe a radio or television commercial.
     The United States is at the top of both importing and exporting partners where Egypt is concerned. Financially and monetarily, America helps Egypt tremendously. Because international business is key to Egyptian GDP and because of the relationship that the US has built, Egyptian government is very willing to help generate foreign investment in their country. Import is relatively simple, and taxes and other fees are waived when foreign investors journey to Egypt.
     

     I think that Egypt is a great place for American companies of any kind to consider branching towards. Right now, American companies of all sorts are thriving in the Egyptian culture. There are cities like Cairo and Alexandria that boast luxury living and cater to the wealthy where luxury items and expensive goods will be received with open arms. There are other rural areas where the people don't have access to as much as clean drinking water. This opens up a whole new door of opportunity for new business, especially those involved in charitable organizations, or businesses whose items are less expensive, and more along the lines of being a necessity. The government, the people, and the culture in Egypt seem to call out for foreign investors to choose them. They've struggled under oppression for years and years and now they have the freedom to do as they please. Egypt is heading towards being one of the happiest places on Earth - now American businesses need to supplement that excitement and capitalize on the opportunity!

Advertising Agencies in Egypt





Import/Export Agents and Warehousing

Agents
  • Egyptian law does not require an agent authorization for importing goods.
  • There is a law requiring that any importer be registered.
  • Recommended Business Networks Include:
    • American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt
    • Egyptian Businessmen's Association
    • Egyptian Junior Business Association
    • Alexandria Business Association
    • Egyptian Exporters Association
Warehousing


Source:
Global Trade

Retailers & Franchising

RETAILERS
  • Retail sales are on the rise and are expected to continue to rise due to the expanding and increasingly young population, a more economically stable middle class, booming tourism, and the exciting entrance of women into the workforce.
  • Egypt is the largest market in the Arab regions.
  • Retail sales accounted for 40.3% of GDP and 11.4% of the workforce in 2009.
  • Value-added services, quality products, and international brads are increasingly popular.
  • Pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, and automotive purchases are expected to sky-rocket.
  • The top 5 grocery retailers in Egypt only cater to 1.8% of the total market, leaving a huge opportunity for anyone willing to take it.
  • Egypt is ranked 2nd in terms of low market saturation.
  • Cheap, skilled workers in Egypt will help make start-up businesses profitable.
  • Hypermarkets cater to the lower and middle classes as they offer food products at outrageously discounted prices.
Leading Retail Companies:
Americana Group
Carrefour
CityStars
Hertz
HyperOne
Radio Shack
Spinney's


FRANCHISING                                                                           
  • It is becoming extremely popular to open a franchise in Egypt of a foreign business, particularly in the food industry.
  • Right now, the food franchise market is valued at about US$300 million.
  • Franchising has helped local agriculture as many of these food giants are using local products to create their end result.
  • Food sanitation is improving as the franchisee imposes strict regulations.
Popular Franchises Now Found in Egypt:
-Chili's
-Hard Rock Cafe
-Little Caesars Pizza
-McDonalds
-Baskin Robbins



Source:
Invest in Egypt

Science & Technology


  • Most scientific research is done at the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, the hub of science and technology - located in Cairo.
  • Pure science, as well as applied science, is studied at the National Research Center in Cairo.
  • There are 12 societies in:
    • Agriculture
    • Medicine
    • Science
    • Technology
  • Egypt has 20 institutes whose sole purpose is to study science, medicine, and technology.
  • Over the 10 years between 1987 and 1997, 0.2% of GDP was spent to conduct this research.
Source:

International Trade

2010

Exports
Exports brought in US$29 billion
Largest export is oil (80%)
-630,600 barrels produced daily
-155,200 barrels exported daily
-At least 37 billion barrels in reserves

Other exports:
metal products, cotton, textiles, and chemicals

Exports go to:
9.4% - Italy
7.1% - US
6.2%  -India
Others include: Spain, Syria, Saudia Arabia, Japan, & Germany 


Imports
-US $43.98 Billion was spent on imports
-Negative trade balance since the 1980's
-Food, commodities, equipment, and wood products are major imports

Imports come from:
10% - US
9.9% - China 
7.3% - Italy
Others include: Germany and Saudi Arabia







Foreign Investment

Egypt has announced that foreign investment
  is both welcomed and encouraged!!         

As of 1991, all foreign exchange transfer restrictions were void.


LAWS DEALING WITH FOREIGN INVESTMENT
-Capital  Market Law
-Investment Incentives and Guarantees Law
-1998 laws regulation private participation in public establishments


Depending on size, location, etc.,  a 
foreign  capital financed project 
can be tax exempt for 5-10 years and can 
be exempt from some customs duties.


Everything above applies to the following industries:
-industrialization
-mining
-energy
-tourism
-transportation
-reclamation/cultivation of barren land
-animal husbandry


To get started investing:
1. Apply to General Authority of Arab Investment and the Free Zones
2. Committee of 8 will begin bidding on your idea


Trends in Foreign Trade:
-Smaller list of banned imports
-Less export restrictions
-Less non-tariff barriers


Most investments are located in the port cities.
75% of foreign exchange currencies must 
be converted to local currency. 
Foreign direct investment in Egypt was $510 
million in 2001, but declined the next year.


Source:

Working Conditions

-Many of the people making up the labor force in Egypt have little secondary education. This group also often lacks sufficient job training. These two things work together to keep pay rates low among the working class. 
-There is an average of an 11 year waiting period for jobs in the working world.
-Membership in unions, while not required by law, are allowed and are quite popular.




Labor Laws
-The Egyptian government supports the rights of those who are working hard to make a living. They support the laws as established by the International Labor Organization (ILO). 
   >Standard work weeks consist of 42 hours stretching 6 days. 
   >The required minimum monthly pay is equivalent to $33.
   >Social security benefits are provided for retirement and on-the-job injuries.
   >Males and females are supposed to be 14 years old before they enter the workforce.          
       Unfortunately, it is estimated that people below this age make up 1.5% of workers.
       Of these, an estimated 78% work in the agricultural industry.
-Because there are so many people who are willing to work, and so few jobs, those that do work are typically underpaid and are often made to work in less than ideal conditions.
Alanza Factory in Alexandria

Source:


Transportation & Communication

Transportation

Cairo Airport


There are 86 airports and 6 heliports in Egypt. The one pictured above is of the airport in Cairo, the capital.

There are 5,083km of railways throughout the country.

The roadways of Egypt span 65,050km and only 1/4 of that amount is unpaved.

There are 3,500km of waterways with 5 ports:
Ayn Sukhnah, Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Port Said, Sidi Kuraryr, Suez

Damietta Port


There are also an abundance of taxis, trams, subways/metros, and buses for transportation needs. Tourist and citizens should have no problem maneuvering through Egypt.




Communication


Telephones:
9.618 million land lines in use
70.661 mobile phones in use
*Upgraded system in last 25 years


Internet:
200,336 hosts
20.136 million users






Economic Standing


Total GDP [PPP] = $515.4 Billion
(rank - 27)

Real GDP Growth Rate - 1.2%
(rank - 178)

GDP Per Capita - $6,500
(rank - 135)

Unemployment Rate - 12.2%
(rank - 131)

Population Below Poverty Line - 20%

Distribution of Wealth

Household Income or Consumption by Percentage Share
Highest 10% - 27.6%
Lowest 10% - 3.9%

Gini Index - 34.4



Agriculture

Cotton, Rice, Corn, Wheat, Beans, Fruits, Vegetables
Cattle, Water Buffalo, Sheep, Goats

Industries

Textiles, Food Processing, Tourism, Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, Hydrocarbons, Construction, Cement, Metals, Light Manufacturers



Population

The total population in Egypt is 83,688,164.
           That makes Egypt the 15th largest country in the world.


32.7% of the population is 14 or younger.
62.8% of the population is between 15 & 64 years old.
4.5% of the population is 65 or older.

The population is growing at a rate of 1.922%.
            Egypt is growing that the 59th fastest rate among other countries.

2.4 is the percentage of childbirths per 1,000 people per year.

The sex ratio of the total population is 1.03 males per female.
             At age 65 and over, the ratio is 0.82 males per female.

43.4% of the total population is urbanized.

The population number for the Capital of Egypt - Cairo - is 10.902 million.
             The population of Alexandria is 4.387 million.

99.6% of the population is Egyptian.


Source:

Business Culture


Etiquette

  • Let the man you are meeting with initiate the greeting
  • If someone holds your hand, it is a sign of friendship
  • Do not use your left hand for anything, unless picking up something dirty
  • Do not point, cross your legs, or show the bottom of your feet
  • Alcohol and pork and strictly avoided
  • Do not inquire about a man's wife, mother, or any other female
  • No business is conducted on Friday, and often not on Thursday
  • Most of your body should be covered
  • You will not get instant results
  • Business cards should be English on one side, Arabic on the other
  • Both the Western and Arabic date should be on all business documents

Labeling 

  • Retail goods (in Arabic)
    • Country of origin
    • Producers name
    • Product Description
  • Poultry & Meat
    • Shipping should be direct (country of origin --> Egypt)
    • Sealed package
    • Product details in Arabic both inside and on the packaging
    • "Halal"
  • Other Food products
    • Sanitary and odorless packaging
    • Production & expiration date clearly visible
    • Name & Address of manufacturer
    • Brand or Trademark
    • Name & Address of importer
    • Ingredients
    • How to store
    • Net weight
    • Gross weight
    • Number of packages per case or carton
    • Percentage of Preservatives

  • Weight and Measures
    • using Metric System
    • clearly displayed
  • Dates
    • Can be in English
    • Words Production and Expiry must be in Arabic
Source:

Language

Arabic is the spoken and written language of Egypt. Those gaining a more in-depth education my understand English or French.



Pronunciation              
A: as in 'had'
E: as in 'bet'
I: as in 'hit'
O: as in 'hot'
U: as in 'put'



Greetings
Hello: as-salam alaykum
Hello (response): wa alaykum e-salam
Goodbye (person leaving): ma'a salama
Goodbye (person staying): alla ysalmak
Good morning: sabaH ala-kheir
Good afternoon: masa' al-kheir
Good night: tisbaH ala-kheir
Welcome: ahlan wa sahlan OR marHaba

Basics
Yes: aiwa/na'am
No: la
Maybe: mumkin
Please: min fadhlik
Thank you: shukran
You're welcome: afwan
Excuse me: lo tismaH
OK: tayib
No problem: mafi mushkila

Small talk
How are you?: kef Halak?
Fine thanks: zein al-Hamdulillah
What's your name?: shismak?
My name is?: ismi ?
I understand: ana fahim
I don't understand: la afham
I speak?: ana atakallam ?
Do you speak?: titkallam ??
English: inglizi
French: fransawi
German: almani
I don't speak Arabic: ma-atakallam arabi

Getting Around
Where is (the)??: wein (al-) ??
Airport: al-matar
Bus stop: mokaf al-bas
Bus station: maHattat al-bas
Taxi stand: maHattat tax
Bus: bas
Car: sayyara
Horse: Hsan
Camel: jamal
Taxi: tax

Directions
Address: onwan
Street: shari'
Number: raqam
City: madina
 Here: hni
There: hnak
Next to: yam
Opposite: gbal/mgabel
Behind: wara
To: min

Signs
Entry: dukhol
Exit: khuruj
Toilets (men): Hammam lirrijal
Toilets (women): Hammam linnisa'a
Hospital: mustashfa
Police: shurta

Days
Monday: yom al-idhnayn
Tuesday: yom al-dhaladh
Wednesday: yom al-arba'
Thursday: yom al-khamis
Friday: yom al-jama'a
Saturday: yom as-sabt
Sunday: yom al-Had

Numbers
Zero: sifr
One: waHid
Two: idhnin
Three: dhladha
Four: arba'a
Five: khamsa
Six: sitta
Seven: sab'a
Eight: dhimania
Nine: tis'a
Ten: ashra

Everything in red was taken directly from: Kwintessential's List of Arabic Phrases



Health Care

When it comes to health in Egypt:

  • 6.4% of GDP is spent towards Health Care
  • 2.83 physicians for every 1,000 people
  • 1.7 hospital beds per 1,000 people
  • 72.93 years is the total life expectancy
  • 2.94 children on average born per mother
  • 24.23 deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 infants born that same year
  • 82 women die of complications by or worsened by given birth per 100,000 women giving birth that year
  • 11,000 people have HIV/AIDS
  • Intermediate degree of risk of contracting a major infectious disease
  • 30.3% of population is obese
  • 6.8% of children under 5 are overweight


Source: 

Housing

Villages


  • Fields surrounding a core residential area
  • One-story homes
  • Typically made out of mud-brick, although turning towards fired bricks as wealth is improving
  • Animal stall connected to home
  • Community areas in villages
    • Mosque (for men)
    • Guest house (for extended family)
    • Churches
    • Markets

Urban Egypt


  • Rented apartments
  • Few individual homes
  • A family may choose to buy the stretch of apartments and divide them among family members
Source:

Diet & Nutrition


  • Increased Availability:
    • Most major food groups
    • Carbohydrates
    • Proteins
  • Decreased Availability:
    • Fats
    • Vegetable Oils
    • Animal fats
  • Uneven distribution across socio-economic classes
  • Animal protein and animal fat were consumed more in urban areas.
  • WHO says Fats & Oils and Sugars are in a healthy range
  • People are not getting enough:
    • Vitamin A
    • Iron
    • Calcium
    • Iodine
    • Selenium
    • Zinc
  • Main energy source = cereal

Modern Art

Why?

  • In the 20th Century, Egyptians used art as a way to push for the freedom that they lacked. They were expressing their feelings in a time when oppression was prominent. After gaining independence, it was a way to portray joy and relief. 
Then...
  • Writing, poetry, publishing, and photography became not only accepted, but promoted. Art education became a part of the school child's curriculum.It is said that Egypt led the Arab world in many art forms. 
  • Pharaonic art was the first common art inspiration. This art form showed the history of Egypt and capitalized on Egyptian rather than African, Arab, or religious history.
                                                         Mahmud Mukhtar, Egypt Awakening.

  • Soon, this type of art was a memory and Egyptian art became centered around the style and technique. Surrealism, cubism, dadaism, and abstraction became new artistic methods practiced by the generation. During this period, the first art journals were created and art criticism and pedagogy were brought about. 

Ramsis Yunan, Untitled

Source:

Religion

                                             Islam


-Most commonly practiced religion (90%)
-Comprised mainly of Sunnis
-Declared official Religion in 1971 Constitution
[Pictured left is the Sultan Hassan Mosque, Cairo, Egypt]





Other Religions Include...
-Christianity (Coptic Orthodox Church)
-Armenian Apostolic
-Greek & Syrian Orthodox
-Catholic
-Evangelical Protestant
-Minimal Jewish representation

Sources:

Social Organization


Social Structure

- Huge gap between the rich and the poor

-Those less fortunate must surrender respect to the well-off

-Types of jobs as well as material purchases can symbolize a person's status

-Middle class is growing

-About 33% of Egyptians live below the poverty line

-As of 2008, even the poor receive coupons that can be turned in to buy stock

-Typically, there is more wealth in the north than the south

-The government, most economic hubs, and most "social establishments" are based in Cairo & Alexandria


 Cairo
                                   Alexandria 






Sources:

Wednesday, April 25, 2012

Families




Marriage
  • Women get little say in choosing their spouse - others, including a matchmaker, are involved
  • Men are instructed on who they may or may not marry
  • Age and education should be similar among spouses
  • Relatively common for cousins to marry - 39% in 1995
  • Premarital sex is rare - pressure to marry is high
  • Very few people refrain from marriage
  • Polygyny is rare
  • Divorce is quite simple - declining divorce rate, rising absolute divorce number
Origin of Names
  • Many men and women are named by their given name, followed by their father's name, followed by their grandfather's name
    • Shows lineage and social status
  • Some men are given secular or religious names
  • Women tend to have religious or sometimes, fanciful names
  • Women don't generally change their name after marriage
Family Structure
  • Once married, men and women typically move to their own home
  • Extended family gatherings are common
  • Males are seen as most respected, especially the eldest male
Source:

Thursday, April 12, 2012

Political System


Formally, Egypt is known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Knowing this, it is quite clear as to what type of government rules this country. A republic, by definition is "a representative democracy in which the people's elected deputies (representatives), not the people themselves, vote on legislation." 

Just over one year ago, there was a shift in Egyptian political structure. On March 19, 2011, there was a referendum enacted that brought the hope of an Egyptian constitution to be written in 2012. For now, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, is the head of the Executive branch of government as the "Presidential Authority". 

Mohamed Husseins Tantawi
www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/egypt/tantawi.htm

The executive branch also includes Prime Minister Kamal Ahmad El-Ganzouri. Presidential elections will be held May 23 & 24 to determine who will succeed the current temporary authority. 



The legislative branch in Egypt is divided into two parts. First, there is the Advisory Council, also known as the Shura Council. This group is made up of 264 seats; of which, 176 are elected by the people. The remainder are appointed by the President. The other segment of the legislative branch is the People's Assembly which contains 518 seats - 508 are voted on by the people, 64 are reserved for women, and 10 are appointed. There are quite a few political parties represented in the Shura Council, however most are minimally represented in comparison to the National Democratic Party.

The National Democratic Party was the governing party in Egypt from the 1970s until the overthrow of former President Hosni Mubarak. With this overthrow, the National Democratic Party was forced to dissolve amid allegation of unfair election practices. In 2010, The NDP held 420 seats in the People's Assembly. Another 54 seats were occupied by NDP-affiliated independents. In the same year, members of this party won 80 of the 88 seats available on the Shura Council.

The court system in Egypt is much like that of European countries. There is a Supreme Constitutional Court. Post-uprising Egypt has seen it's court system turn in favor of due process and judicial review. On April 11, 2012, the country received a major setback when the Constituent Assembly charged with drafting the country's new constitution was told to pause their progress after being accused of overstepping their constitutional rights. It seems that some Egyptian leaders feel that the assembly was comprised in a way that was unconstitutional and therefore, argue that the entire assembly should cease and be started again from scratch. 


Sources:

Wednesday, April 11, 2012

Education

Egyptian education is something that until the 1952 Revolution, left much to be desired. "Nearly 75% of the population over ten years of age was illiterate. More than 90% of females in this age group were illiterate." Following the Revolution, the Free Officers made education a top priority. The Ministry of Education's budget was increased 100%. Today, the country spends 3.8% of their GDP on education. 

Currently, Egyptian preuniversity schooling is run on a nine-year cycle. There are six years of primary school before a student takes examinations to proceed to intermediate schooling. Three years of intermediate schooling allow a student the option of taking examinations for three more years of secondary schooling. Once an individual passes these examinations, he or she can choose between a college preparatory curriculum and a technical curriculum. 

Today, 71.4% of the population over age 15 can read and write. The literacy rates among males and females are 83% and 59.4% respectively. 


Geographical Setting

www.world-atlas.us/africa.htm

Egypt is located in northern Africa (the northeastern hemisphere) and is situated to the east of Libya and the north of Sudan. Egypt is bordered on one side by the Red Sea in the east and lies just south of the Mediterranean Sea. The total area of Egypt is 1,001,450 square kilometers, making it the thirtieth largest country in the world. Egypt's location gives it control over both the Sinai Peninsula and the Suez Canal. 

Egypt is known for having a desert climate. In this situation, the summers are extremely hot and dry and the winters are far from extreme. In this country there is a "mild winter from November to April and a hot summer from May to October." Some of the natural occurrences in Egypt include the occasional drought as well as sand and dust storms.

This country is a "vast desert plateau interrupted by the Nile valley and delta." The highest point of this country is Mt. Catherine and the lowest is Qattara Depression. 

Source: CIA World Factbook

Relevant History

For well over a hundred years, the Egyptians have fought for independence and the opportunity to govern themselves without being oppressed by foreign rule. First, the Ottoman Empire reigned over Egypt and the people were forced to overthrow their ruler, Muhammad Ali. When Ali attempted to create a vast Egyptian empire, he faced an ultimate failure. In 1882, British monarchs ruled over Egypt as they yearned for control over the Suez Canal. Although British gave Egypt independence in 1922, the Egyptians remained under British rule until the 1950s when there was War and Revolution. The Arab-Israeli conflict is also prevalent in society as it remains the source of tension between Egypt and Israel. Although the Camp David Accords brought about a technical resolution, neither party was truly happy and there are still loose ends that cause much unrest.  




On January 25, 2010, Egyptians began a revolution that demanded President of 30 years, Hosni Mubarak, to step down from office. This began a surge of unrest in the country as hundreds of Egyptian men and women were violently attacked, and even killed, as they protested the President and his political party. Within 14 days of the start of this protest, Mubarak steps down as president. The armed forces take over control until elections can be held and a constitution can be drafted.

(via Russia Today)



Feb. 1, 2010 - Demonstration in Cairo in support of the Revolution.
AP Photo











Feb. 10, 2010 - Protests continue after Mubarak publicly refuses to step down.
AP Photo





Feb. 11, 2010 - Celebrations begin as Mubarak agrees to hand over control to the Supreme Court of the Armed Forces.
AP Photo



Sources: 
http://www.egypttourinfo.com/history-of-egypt.html
http://www.thejournal.ie/timeline-one-year-since-egypts-arab-spring-334766-Jan2012/#slide-slideshow30

Introduction

Getting Started





This blog has been created as a venue for sharing information about the African country of Egypt. Each entry will be a new topic explaining a specific aspect of Egyptian culture and the elements that effect the way of life, and for the purpose of this project, the elements that affect Egypt's international business. These entries will look into everything from the recent history of Egypt to it's modern day social, economic, and political culture.